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Study of Chinese Learners' Pedagogical Choices in Korean
In addition to the learner-internal aspects, CLKs' awareness of the need to be pragmatic and the relational affordances they were able to draw from were crucial. For instance the RIs from TS and ZL both cited their local professor relationships as a significant factor in their decision to avoid expressing criticism of the strictness of a professor (see the second example).
This article reviews all local published practical research on Korean until 2020. It focuses on the practical important topics such as:
Discourse Construction Tests
The test for discourse completion (DCT) is an instrument that is widely used in research that is based on pragmatic principles. It has many strengths, but it also has a few disadvantages. For instance it is that the DCT is unable to account for the cultural and individual variations in communication. Additionally, the DCT is susceptible to bias and can result in overgeneralizations. As a result, it must be carefully analyzed before it is used for research or assessment purposes.
Despite its limitations, the DCT can be a valuable tool to study the relationship between prosody and information structure in non-native speakers. The ability to alter social variables relevant to politeness in two or more steps could be a benefit. This characteristic can be utilized to study the impact of prosody in different cultural contexts.
In the field of linguistics, DCT is among the most effective tools to analyze the communication habits of learners. It can be used to study numerous issues, like the manner of speaking, turn-taking and the choices made in lexical use. It can be used to evaluate the phonological complexity of learners their speech.
A recent study utilized an DCT to evaluate EFL students' refusal skills. Participants were given various scenarios and asked to choose the appropriate response from the options offered. The authors found the DCT to be more effective than other refusal methods, such as the use of a questionnaire or video recordings. However, they cautioned that the DCT should be employed with caution and include other methods for collecting data.
DCTs can be developed using specific language requirements, like the form and content. These criteria are based on intuition and is based on the assumptions made by the test developers. They are not necessarily precise, and they could incorrectly describe the way in which ELF learners actually reject requests in actual interactions. This issue requires more research on alternative methods of measuring refusal competence.
In a recent study DCT responses to student requests via email were compared with the responses from an oral DCT. The results showed that DCTs favored more direct and conventionally-indirect request forms and used less hints than email data.
Metapragmatic Questionnaires (MQs)
This study investigated Chinese learners making pragmatic choices when using Korean. It employed various tools for 프라그마틱 슈가러쉬 experimentation such as Discourse Completion Tasks, metapragmatic questions, and Refusal Interviews. Participants were 46 CLKs of upper-intermediate ability who provided responses to MQs and DCTs. They were also asked for reflections on their opinions and refusals in RIs. The results revealed that CLKs often resisted native Korean pragmatic norms, and their decisions were influenced by four major factors that included their personalities, their multilingual identities, ongoing life histories, and relational benefits. These findings have pedagogical implications for L2 Korean assessment.
The MQ data was first analyzed to identify the participants' actual choices. The data were classified according to Ishihara's (2010) definition of pragmatic resistance. Then, the responses were compared with their linguistic performance in the DCTs to determine if they showed a pattern of resistance to pragmatics or not. Additionally, the participants were asked to justify their choices of behavior in a given situation.
The results of the MQs, DCTs and z-tests were analyzed with descriptive statistics and Z tests. It was discovered that the CLKs often resorted to euphemistic responses such as "sorry" and "thank you." This is likely due to their lack of familiarity with the target language, which led to a lack of knowledge of korea pragmatic norms. The results showed that the CLKs' preferences for either converging to L1 norms or diverging from both L1 and L2 pragmatic norms varies according to the DCT situations. In Situations 3 and 12 CLKs preferred diverging from both L1- and L2-pragmatic norms, while in Situation 14, CLKs preferred convergence to L1 norms.
The RIs also revealed CLKs were aware of their pragmatism in every DCT situation. The RIs were conducted one-toone within two days after participants had completed the MQs. The RIs were recorded and transcribed, then coded by two coders who were independent. The coders worked in an iterative manner by the coders, re-reading and discussing each transcript. The results of the coding process are contrasted with the original RI transcripts to determine whether they captured the underlying pragmatic behavior.
Refusal Interviews (RIs)
The central issue in research on pragmatics is: why do some learners refuse to accept native-speaker norms? Recent research has attempted to answer this question with a variety of experimental tools including DCTs MQs and RIs. The participants consisted of 46 CLKs, 44 CNSs, and 45 KNSs from five Korean universities. The participants were asked to complete the DCTs and MQs in their L1 or L2 levels. They were then invited to an RI, where they were asked to think about and discuss their responses to each DCT scenario.
The results showed that on average, the CLKs resisted native-speaker pragmatic norms in over 40% of their responses. They did this even though they could create patterns that resembled native ones. In addition, they were aware of their pragmatism. They attributed their decision to learner-internal variables such as their identities and personalities as well as multilingual identities. They also referred to external factors, such as relationships and 프라그마틱 무료체험 메타 무료스핀 (Images.Google.cg) benefits. They outlined, for instance how their interactions with their professors helped them to function more easily in terms of the cultural and linguistic norms at their university.
However, the interviewees also expressed concern about the social pressures and consequences they could face if they flouted their local social norms. They were worried that their local friends might consider them "foreigners" and believe that they are unintelligent. This concern was similar to those voiced by Brown (2013) and Ishihara (2009).
These findings suggest that native-speaker pragmatic norms are no longer the norm for Korean learners. They may still be a useful model for official Korean proficiency tests. Future researchers should consider reassessing the applicability of these tests in various cultural contexts and specific situations. This will allow them to better comprehend how different environments could affect the practical behavior of L2 learners in the classroom and beyond. This will also help educators develop better methods for teaching and testing Korean pragmatics. Seukhoon Paul Choi, principal advisor at Stratways Group in Seoul, is a geopolitical risk consulting.
Case Studies
The case study method is a method that employs deep, participatory investigations to study a specific subject. It is a method that utilizes numerous sources of data to help support the findings, such as interviews and observations, 프라그마틱 슬롯 추천 documents, and artifacts. This type of investigation is useful for examining specific or complex subjects that are difficult to measure with other methods.
In a case study, the first step is to define both the subject and the purpose of the study. This will allow you to determine which aspects of the subject matter are essential to study and which are best left out. It is also beneficial to study the research to gain a broad understanding of the subject and place the situation in a larger theoretical context.
This case study was based upon an open-source platform, the KMMLU Leaderboard [50], and its Korean-specific benchmarks HyperCLOVA X, and LDCC Solar (figure 1 below). The results of the study revealed that L2 Korean learners were highly susceptible to the influence of native models. They were more likely to select incorrect answer choices that were literal interpretations of prompts, thereby ignoring the correct pragmatic inference. They also showed an inclination to add their own text, or "garbage," to their responses, which further hampered the quality of their responses.
The participants in this study were all L2 Korean students who had reached level four in the Test of Proficiency in Korean TOPIK in their third or second university year and were aiming to achieve level six on their next attempt. They were asked to answer questions regarding their WTC/SPCC, as well as understanding and pragmatic awareness.
The interviewees were given two scenarios, each of which involved an imagined interaction with their co-workers and 프라그마틱 슬롯 추천 asked to choose one of the following strategies when making an inquiry. The interviewees were then asked to justify their decision. The majority of the participants attributed their pragmatic resistance to their personalities. For example, TS claimed that she was difficult to talk to, and therefore did not want to inquire about her interactant's well-being with an intense workload despite her belief that native Koreans would do so.
In addition to the learner-internal aspects, CLKs' awareness of the need to be pragmatic and the relational affordances they were able to draw from were crucial. For instance the RIs from TS and ZL both cited their local professor relationships as a significant factor in their decision to avoid expressing criticism of the strictness of a professor (see the second example).
This article reviews all local published practical research on Korean until 2020. It focuses on the practical important topics such as:
Discourse Construction Tests
The test for discourse completion (DCT) is an instrument that is widely used in research that is based on pragmatic principles. It has many strengths, but it also has a few disadvantages. For instance it is that the DCT is unable to account for the cultural and individual variations in communication. Additionally, the DCT is susceptible to bias and can result in overgeneralizations. As a result, it must be carefully analyzed before it is used for research or assessment purposes.
Despite its limitations, the DCT can be a valuable tool to study the relationship between prosody and information structure in non-native speakers. The ability to alter social variables relevant to politeness in two or more steps could be a benefit. This characteristic can be utilized to study the impact of prosody in different cultural contexts.
In the field of linguistics, DCT is among the most effective tools to analyze the communication habits of learners. It can be used to study numerous issues, like the manner of speaking, turn-taking and the choices made in lexical use. It can be used to evaluate the phonological complexity of learners their speech.
A recent study utilized an DCT to evaluate EFL students' refusal skills. Participants were given various scenarios and asked to choose the appropriate response from the options offered. The authors found the DCT to be more effective than other refusal methods, such as the use of a questionnaire or video recordings. However, they cautioned that the DCT should be employed with caution and include other methods for collecting data.
DCTs can be developed using specific language requirements, like the form and content. These criteria are based on intuition and is based on the assumptions made by the test developers. They are not necessarily precise, and they could incorrectly describe the way in which ELF learners actually reject requests in actual interactions. This issue requires more research on alternative methods of measuring refusal competence.
In a recent study DCT responses to student requests via email were compared with the responses from an oral DCT. The results showed that DCTs favored more direct and conventionally-indirect request forms and used less hints than email data.
Metapragmatic Questionnaires (MQs)
This study investigated Chinese learners making pragmatic choices when using Korean. It employed various tools for 프라그마틱 슈가러쉬 experimentation such as Discourse Completion Tasks, metapragmatic questions, and Refusal Interviews. Participants were 46 CLKs of upper-intermediate ability who provided responses to MQs and DCTs. They were also asked for reflections on their opinions and refusals in RIs. The results revealed that CLKs often resisted native Korean pragmatic norms, and their decisions were influenced by four major factors that included their personalities, their multilingual identities, ongoing life histories, and relational benefits. These findings have pedagogical implications for L2 Korean assessment.
The MQ data was first analyzed to identify the participants' actual choices. The data were classified according to Ishihara's (2010) definition of pragmatic resistance. Then, the responses were compared with their linguistic performance in the DCTs to determine if they showed a pattern of resistance to pragmatics or not. Additionally, the participants were asked to justify their choices of behavior in a given situation.
The results of the MQs, DCTs and z-tests were analyzed with descriptive statistics and Z tests. It was discovered that the CLKs often resorted to euphemistic responses such as "sorry" and "thank you." This is likely due to their lack of familiarity with the target language, which led to a lack of knowledge of korea pragmatic norms. The results showed that the CLKs' preferences for either converging to L1 norms or diverging from both L1 and L2 pragmatic norms varies according to the DCT situations. In Situations 3 and 12 CLKs preferred diverging from both L1- and L2-pragmatic norms, while in Situation 14, CLKs preferred convergence to L1 norms.
The RIs also revealed CLKs were aware of their pragmatism in every DCT situation. The RIs were conducted one-toone within two days after participants had completed the MQs. The RIs were recorded and transcribed, then coded by two coders who were independent. The coders worked in an iterative manner by the coders, re-reading and discussing each transcript. The results of the coding process are contrasted with the original RI transcripts to determine whether they captured the underlying pragmatic behavior.
Refusal Interviews (RIs)
The central issue in research on pragmatics is: why do some learners refuse to accept native-speaker norms? Recent research has attempted to answer this question with a variety of experimental tools including DCTs MQs and RIs. The participants consisted of 46 CLKs, 44 CNSs, and 45 KNSs from five Korean universities. The participants were asked to complete the DCTs and MQs in their L1 or L2 levels. They were then invited to an RI, where they were asked to think about and discuss their responses to each DCT scenario.
The results showed that on average, the CLKs resisted native-speaker pragmatic norms in over 40% of their responses. They did this even though they could create patterns that resembled native ones. In addition, they were aware of their pragmatism. They attributed their decision to learner-internal variables such as their identities and personalities as well as multilingual identities. They also referred to external factors, such as relationships and 프라그마틱 무료체험 메타 무료스핀 (Images.Google.cg) benefits. They outlined, for instance how their interactions with their professors helped them to function more easily in terms of the cultural and linguistic norms at their university.
However, the interviewees also expressed concern about the social pressures and consequences they could face if they flouted their local social norms. They were worried that their local friends might consider them "foreigners" and believe that they are unintelligent. This concern was similar to those voiced by Brown (2013) and Ishihara (2009).
These findings suggest that native-speaker pragmatic norms are no longer the norm for Korean learners. They may still be a useful model for official Korean proficiency tests. Future researchers should consider reassessing the applicability of these tests in various cultural contexts and specific situations. This will allow them to better comprehend how different environments could affect the practical behavior of L2 learners in the classroom and beyond. This will also help educators develop better methods for teaching and testing Korean pragmatics. Seukhoon Paul Choi, principal advisor at Stratways Group in Seoul, is a geopolitical risk consulting.
Case Studies
The case study method is a method that employs deep, participatory investigations to study a specific subject. It is a method that utilizes numerous sources of data to help support the findings, such as interviews and observations, 프라그마틱 슬롯 추천 documents, and artifacts. This type of investigation is useful for examining specific or complex subjects that are difficult to measure with other methods.
In a case study, the first step is to define both the subject and the purpose of the study. This will allow you to determine which aspects of the subject matter are essential to study and which are best left out. It is also beneficial to study the research to gain a broad understanding of the subject and place the situation in a larger theoretical context.
This case study was based upon an open-source platform, the KMMLU Leaderboard [50], and its Korean-specific benchmarks HyperCLOVA X, and LDCC Solar (figure 1 below). The results of the study revealed that L2 Korean learners were highly susceptible to the influence of native models. They were more likely to select incorrect answer choices that were literal interpretations of prompts, thereby ignoring the correct pragmatic inference. They also showed an inclination to add their own text, or "garbage," to their responses, which further hampered the quality of their responses.
The participants in this study were all L2 Korean students who had reached level four in the Test of Proficiency in Korean TOPIK in their third or second university year and were aiming to achieve level six on their next attempt. They were asked to answer questions regarding their WTC/SPCC, as well as understanding and pragmatic awareness.
The interviewees were given two scenarios, each of which involved an imagined interaction with their co-workers and 프라그마틱 슬롯 추천 asked to choose one of the following strategies when making an inquiry. The interviewees were then asked to justify their decision. The majority of the participants attributed their pragmatic resistance to their personalities. For example, TS claimed that she was difficult to talk to, and therefore did not want to inquire about her interactant's well-being with an intense workload despite her belief that native Koreans would do so.
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