Are You Getting The Most Of Your Evolution Site?
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The Academy's Evolution Site
The concept of biological evolution is a fundamental concept in biology. The Academies have been active for a long time in helping those interested in science comprehend the theory of evolution and how it affects every area of scientific inquiry.
This site offers a variety of resources for teachers, students and general readers of evolution. It has key video clips from NOVA and WGBH's science programs on DVD.
Tree of Life
The Tree of Life is an ancient symbol of the interconnectedness of life. It is used in many cultures and spiritual beliefs as symbolizing unity and love. It has many practical applications as well, such as providing a framework for understanding the history of species, and how they react to changes in environmental conditions.
Early approaches to depicting the world of biology focused on the classification of organisms into distinct categories that were distinguished by physical and metabolic characteristics1. These methods, based on the sampling of different parts of living organisms or small fragments of their DNA significantly increased the variety that could be represented in the tree of life2. However the trees are mostly comprised of eukaryotes, and bacterial diversity remains vastly underrepresented3,4.
By avoiding the need for direct observation and experimentation genetic techniques have made it possible to represent the Tree of Life in a more precise manner. Trees can be constructed by using molecular methods such as the small subunit ribosomal gene.
Despite the rapid growth of the Tree of Life through genome sequencing, a lot of biodiversity is waiting to be discovered. This is especially true for microorganisms that are difficult to cultivate and which are usually only present in a single sample5. A recent analysis of all genomes known to date has created a rough draft of the Tree of Life, including numerous bacteria and archaea that have not been isolated, and which are not well understood.
This expanded Tree of Life is particularly useful for assessing the biodiversity of an area, assisting to determine if specific habitats require protection. The information is useful in many ways, including identifying new drugs, combating diseases and improving the quality of crops. This information is also extremely valuable for conservation efforts. It can help biologists identify areas that are likely to be home to species that are cryptic, which could have important metabolic functions, and could be susceptible to changes caused by humans. While funds to protect biodiversity are essential, the best method to preserve the biodiversity of the world is to equip the people of developing nations with the information they require to take action locally and encourage conservation.
Phylogeny
A phylogeny, also known as an evolutionary tree, shows the connections between various groups of organisms. Utilizing molecular data as well as morphological similarities and distinctions, or ontogeny (the process of the development of an organism) scientists can construct an phylogenetic tree that demonstrates the evolution of taxonomic categories. The concept of phylogeny is fundamental to understanding biodiversity, evolution and genetics.
A basic phylogenetic tree (see Figure PageIndex 10 Identifies the relationships between organisms that have similar characteristics and have evolved from an ancestor that shared traits. These shared traits can be either analogous or homologous. Homologous characteristics are identical in their evolutionary journey. Analogous traits could appear like they are but they don't share the same origins. Scientists put similar traits into a grouping referred to as a clade. Every organism in a group have a common trait, such as amniotic egg production. They all came from an ancestor that had these eggs. The clades are then linked to form a phylogenetic branch that can determine which organisms have the closest connection to each other.
To create a more thorough and accurate phylogenetic tree scientists rely on molecular information from DNA or RNA to establish the connections between organisms. This information is more precise than the morphological data and gives evidence of the evolutionary background of an organism or group. The use of molecular data lets researchers determine the number of species that share the same ancestor and estimate their evolutionary age.
The phylogenetic relationships of a species can be affected by a variety of factors such as the phenotypic plasticity. This is a type of behavior that changes due to unique environmental conditions. This can cause a characteristic to appear more similar to one species than another, obscuring the phylogenetic signals. However, this issue can be cured by the use of methods such as cladistics that combine analogous and homologous features into the tree.
Additionally, 에볼루션 카지노 phylogenetics can help determine the duration and rate at which speciation occurs. This information will assist conservation biologists in making decisions about which species to save from disappearance. Ultimately, it is the preservation of phylogenetic diversity which will create a complete and balanced ecosystem.
Evolutionary Theory
The main idea behind evolution is that organisms acquire different features over time as a result of their interactions with their environments. Many scientists have proposed theories of evolution, such as the Islamic naturalist Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201-274) who believed that a living thing would evolve according to its own needs, the Swedish taxonomist Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778), who created the modern hierarchical taxonomy and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1844-1829), 에볼루션 슬롯게임 룰렛, Menwiki.men, who believed that the use or non-use of certain traits can result in changes that are passed on to the next generation.
In the 1930s and 1940s, concepts from various fields, including natural selection, genetics, and particulate inheritance -- came together to form the modern evolutionary theory synthesis that explains how evolution happens through the variation of genes within a population and how those variants change over time as a result of natural selection. This model, which incorporates mutations, genetic drift in gene flow, and sexual selection, can be mathematically described.
Recent developments in the field of evolutionary developmental biology have shown that variation can be introduced into a species by mutation, genetic drift and reshuffling of genes during sexual reproduction, as well as through migration between populations. These processes, in conjunction with others, such as directional selection and gene erosion (changes to the frequency of genotypes over time), can lead towards evolution. Evolution is defined by changes in the genome over time and changes in the phenotype (the expression of genotypes within individuals).
Students can gain a better understanding of the concept of phylogeny through incorporating evolutionary thinking in all areas of biology. A recent study conducted by Grunspan and colleagues, for example revealed that teaching students about the evidence that supports evolution increased students' acceptance of evolution in a college biology course. To learn more about how to teach about evolution, please see The Evolutionary Potential of all Areas of Biology and Thinking Evolutionarily A Framework for Infusing Evolution into Life Sciences Education.
Evolution in Action
Scientists have traditionally looked at evolution through the past, analyzing fossils and comparing species. They also observe living organisms. Evolution isn't a flims event, but a process that continues today. Bacteria transform and resist antibiotics, viruses evolve and elude new medications and animals alter their behavior in response to the changing environment. The changes that occur are often evident.
But it wasn't until the late 1980s that biologists understood that natural selection could be seen in action, as well. The key is that various traits have different rates of survival and reproduction (differential fitness) and can be transferred from one generation to the next.
In the past, if an allele - the genetic sequence that determines colour appeared in a population of organisms that interbred, it might become more common than any other allele. In time, this could mean that the number of moths with black pigmentation in a population may increase. The same is true for many other characteristics--including morphology and 에볼루션 behavior--that vary among populations of organisms.
It is easier to observe evolution when the species, like bacteria, 에볼루션 게이밍 has a high generation turnover. Since 1988, Richard Lenski, a biologist, has studied twelve populations of E.coli that are descended from one strain. The samples of each population have been taken frequently and more than 500.000 generations of E.coli have passed.
Lenski's research has demonstrated that mutations can alter the rate of change and the rate at which a population reproduces. It also shows evolution takes time, something that is hard for some to accept.
Microevolution can also be seen in the fact that mosquito genes that confer resistance to pesticides are more prevalent in areas that have used insecticides. That's because the use of pesticides creates a selective pressure that favors individuals with resistant genotypes.
The rapidity of evolution has led to a greater appreciation of its importance especially in a planet shaped largely by human activity. This includes the effects of climate change, pollution and habitat loss, which prevents many species from adapting. Understanding evolution can help us make better choices about the future of our planet as well as the lives of its inhabitants.
The concept of biological evolution is a fundamental concept in biology. The Academies have been active for a long time in helping those interested in science comprehend the theory of evolution and how it affects every area of scientific inquiry.
This site offers a variety of resources for teachers, students and general readers of evolution. It has key video clips from NOVA and WGBH's science programs on DVD.Tree of Life
The Tree of Life is an ancient symbol of the interconnectedness of life. It is used in many cultures and spiritual beliefs as symbolizing unity and love. It has many practical applications as well, such as providing a framework for understanding the history of species, and how they react to changes in environmental conditions.
Early approaches to depicting the world of biology focused on the classification of organisms into distinct categories that were distinguished by physical and metabolic characteristics1. These methods, based on the sampling of different parts of living organisms or small fragments of their DNA significantly increased the variety that could be represented in the tree of life2. However the trees are mostly comprised of eukaryotes, and bacterial diversity remains vastly underrepresented3,4.
By avoiding the need for direct observation and experimentation genetic techniques have made it possible to represent the Tree of Life in a more precise manner. Trees can be constructed by using molecular methods such as the small subunit ribosomal gene.
Despite the rapid growth of the Tree of Life through genome sequencing, a lot of biodiversity is waiting to be discovered. This is especially true for microorganisms that are difficult to cultivate and which are usually only present in a single sample5. A recent analysis of all genomes known to date has created a rough draft of the Tree of Life, including numerous bacteria and archaea that have not been isolated, and which are not well understood.
This expanded Tree of Life is particularly useful for assessing the biodiversity of an area, assisting to determine if specific habitats require protection. The information is useful in many ways, including identifying new drugs, combating diseases and improving the quality of crops. This information is also extremely valuable for conservation efforts. It can help biologists identify areas that are likely to be home to species that are cryptic, which could have important metabolic functions, and could be susceptible to changes caused by humans. While funds to protect biodiversity are essential, the best method to preserve the biodiversity of the world is to equip the people of developing nations with the information they require to take action locally and encourage conservation.
Phylogeny
A phylogeny, also known as an evolutionary tree, shows the connections between various groups of organisms. Utilizing molecular data as well as morphological similarities and distinctions, or ontogeny (the process of the development of an organism) scientists can construct an phylogenetic tree that demonstrates the evolution of taxonomic categories. The concept of phylogeny is fundamental to understanding biodiversity, evolution and genetics.
A basic phylogenetic tree (see Figure PageIndex 10 Identifies the relationships between organisms that have similar characteristics and have evolved from an ancestor that shared traits. These shared traits can be either analogous or homologous. Homologous characteristics are identical in their evolutionary journey. Analogous traits could appear like they are but they don't share the same origins. Scientists put similar traits into a grouping referred to as a clade. Every organism in a group have a common trait, such as amniotic egg production. They all came from an ancestor that had these eggs. The clades are then linked to form a phylogenetic branch that can determine which organisms have the closest connection to each other.
To create a more thorough and accurate phylogenetic tree scientists rely on molecular information from DNA or RNA to establish the connections between organisms. This information is more precise than the morphological data and gives evidence of the evolutionary background of an organism or group. The use of molecular data lets researchers determine the number of species that share the same ancestor and estimate their evolutionary age.
The phylogenetic relationships of a species can be affected by a variety of factors such as the phenotypic plasticity. This is a type of behavior that changes due to unique environmental conditions. This can cause a characteristic to appear more similar to one species than another, obscuring the phylogenetic signals. However, this issue can be cured by the use of methods such as cladistics that combine analogous and homologous features into the tree.
Additionally, 에볼루션 카지노 phylogenetics can help determine the duration and rate at which speciation occurs. This information will assist conservation biologists in making decisions about which species to save from disappearance. Ultimately, it is the preservation of phylogenetic diversity which will create a complete and balanced ecosystem.
Evolutionary Theory
The main idea behind evolution is that organisms acquire different features over time as a result of their interactions with their environments. Many scientists have proposed theories of evolution, such as the Islamic naturalist Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201-274) who believed that a living thing would evolve according to its own needs, the Swedish taxonomist Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778), who created the modern hierarchical taxonomy and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1844-1829), 에볼루션 슬롯게임 룰렛, Menwiki.men, who believed that the use or non-use of certain traits can result in changes that are passed on to the next generation.
In the 1930s and 1940s, concepts from various fields, including natural selection, genetics, and particulate inheritance -- came together to form the modern evolutionary theory synthesis that explains how evolution happens through the variation of genes within a population and how those variants change over time as a result of natural selection. This model, which incorporates mutations, genetic drift in gene flow, and sexual selection, can be mathematically described.
Recent developments in the field of evolutionary developmental biology have shown that variation can be introduced into a species by mutation, genetic drift and reshuffling of genes during sexual reproduction, as well as through migration between populations. These processes, in conjunction with others, such as directional selection and gene erosion (changes to the frequency of genotypes over time), can lead towards evolution. Evolution is defined by changes in the genome over time and changes in the phenotype (the expression of genotypes within individuals).
Students can gain a better understanding of the concept of phylogeny through incorporating evolutionary thinking in all areas of biology. A recent study conducted by Grunspan and colleagues, for example revealed that teaching students about the evidence that supports evolution increased students' acceptance of evolution in a college biology course. To learn more about how to teach about evolution, please see The Evolutionary Potential of all Areas of Biology and Thinking Evolutionarily A Framework for Infusing Evolution into Life Sciences Education.
Evolution in Action
Scientists have traditionally looked at evolution through the past, analyzing fossils and comparing species. They also observe living organisms. Evolution isn't a flims event, but a process that continues today. Bacteria transform and resist antibiotics, viruses evolve and elude new medications and animals alter their behavior in response to the changing environment. The changes that occur are often evident.
But it wasn't until the late 1980s that biologists understood that natural selection could be seen in action, as well. The key is that various traits have different rates of survival and reproduction (differential fitness) and can be transferred from one generation to the next.
In the past, if an allele - the genetic sequence that determines colour appeared in a population of organisms that interbred, it might become more common than any other allele. In time, this could mean that the number of moths with black pigmentation in a population may increase. The same is true for many other characteristics--including morphology and 에볼루션 behavior--that vary among populations of organisms.
It is easier to observe evolution when the species, like bacteria, 에볼루션 게이밍 has a high generation turnover. Since 1988, Richard Lenski, a biologist, has studied twelve populations of E.coli that are descended from one strain. The samples of each population have been taken frequently and more than 500.000 generations of E.coli have passed.
Lenski's research has demonstrated that mutations can alter the rate of change and the rate at which a population reproduces. It also shows evolution takes time, something that is hard for some to accept.
Microevolution can also be seen in the fact that mosquito genes that confer resistance to pesticides are more prevalent in areas that have used insecticides. That's because the use of pesticides creates a selective pressure that favors individuals with resistant genotypes.
The rapidity of evolution has led to a greater appreciation of its importance especially in a planet shaped largely by human activity. This includes the effects of climate change, pollution and habitat loss, which prevents many species from adapting. Understanding evolution can help us make better choices about the future of our planet as well as the lives of its inhabitants.
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